Examining Benefits of Free International Trade

Examining Benefits of Free Inter democracyal TradeNaveen Prabhu Kamalasekaran2 (a) Explain why palliate global passel can be equitable for countries economies and examine the attempts to reduce swap bars in the past decadeTo start with, let us find what global trade is all about hence we will figure out how this could be good for economies and what are the attempts that were make in the last decade to bring down those trade barriers.Free trade is purchase of goods or go between two countries without some(prenominal) restrictions like tariff, duties or quotas. There are two theories related to lay off trade and the premier(prenominal) of that kind was by Adam smith who postulated that trade between two nations happens on absolute advantage . Law of absolute advantage states that when mavin nation is to a greater extent economical than the otherwise merchandise nation in producing commodity one but little efficient in producing commodity two, then twain nation should specialize on the product that gives them absolute advantage and export that to their trading partner (Salvatore 2004). However, it doesnt highlight on the opportunity cost that it incurs in taking absolute advantage.Later, Comparative advantage on opportunity cost theory was proposed by Gottfried Haberler which states that a dry land has comparative advantage over the other in production of goods if it can bring up at impoverisheder opportunity cost (Sloman 2007). The law can be better explained with the below table.Hours to make one unitOpportunity CostEUCars306 TVsTVs51/6 carUKCars6010 TVsTVs61/10 carSource Begg and ward (2009)The above tabe clearly shows that the UK has comparative advantage over EU in TV as it has got 1/10 th of car as oppurtunity cost compared to 1/6th in EU . Similarly, EU has advantage over UK in Cars and its oppurtunity cost is 6 TVs comparted to 10 TVs in UK. As EU is ready to trade above 6 TVs and UK ready to buy anything less than 10 TV then there sh ould be an equlibrium for international prices for car (Begg and Ward 2009).Graph 1Source Begg and Ward (2009)International trade is propelled by comparative advantage but what is the source behind that? Differences in climate, geography and natural resources, difference in factor endowment and difference in technology are the few sources behind that (Krugman and Wells 2005). The key advantages of chuck up the sponge trade are explained belowDecrease in cost Specializing in an industry helps to gain the economies of scale which results in comparative cost benefit. For deterrent example, Boeing is able to produce aircrafts more effectively and cheaply because it could sell large portion of it to other countries. The seconding countries get benefited as they could get the product cheaply than it was produced nationalally.Increase in competition As a result of trade, imported goods enter the market which triggers competition against home(prenominal) players and it increases effici ency and innovation of home products. Consumers on the other peck get benefited by the variety of products available to them.Trade as engine of growth When the exports have high income elasticity of demand, it provides economic stimulus to exporting country. For example, nearly developed countries experienced huge growth and trade has been the engine for this. India which has achieved which experienced growth from 38% in 1995 to 52% in 2005 (Department of State n.d).Trade raises income simplification in trade barriers results in increase in incomes, both personal and national. Recently economists estimated that cutting trade barriers in agriculture, services and manufacturing by 1/third would boost world economy by $613 billion (WTO n.d, a) .Non-economic advantage Trade helps to resolve disputes and promotes peace. Trade war of 1930 which resulted in high trade barriers to shelter domesticated economy leads to Great depression and played a role in World War 2 (WTO n.d, b).In or der to embrace the benefits of free international trade, world countries decided to drop their trade barriers like custom duties, quotas, subsidies on topical anaesthetic products, etc.,. The advent of free trade materialized post Second World War and in the year 1947, 23 countries together formed General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was later replaced by WTO (World Trade Organization) on 1955 with 159 members till date. by-line WTO numerous trade blocs were formed based on regional groupings and they are NAFTA, APEC, EU and G20.Following paragraphs will detail about the bilateral, regional and multilateral trade attempts made to reduce the trade barriers.Multilateral trade agreements are made between many countries at a same time. Example of that is DDA (Doha Development Agenda). It is the latest fat of trade negation with the WTO members. It was officially launched in November, 2011 with an objective of achieving major reforms on global trades by reduction in tra de barriers and revised trade rules (WTO, n.d c). The talks were in the beginning centered on opening of agricultural markets as trade barriers for agricultural products are higher(prenominal) than other products. Developing countries apply high tariffs to protect their local farmers. After numerous rounds of talk, DDA collapsed on July 2008 as developed countries failed to agree the developing countries access to each other market (BBC 2011).Bilateral trade enables exchange of goods and services between two countries and enables preference of tariff and quota free trading. An example for that is, in November 2007, lacquer signs bilateral trade agreement with ASEAN (The Association of South East) which was totaled more than 160 billion a year. It was said, trade barriers will be removed within 10 years for six richest members of ASEAN and up to 18 years for quad poorest countries. This pact excludes export of agricultural products like beef, rice and other dairy products to Japan due to powerful farm lobby (Burton 2011).Worlds largest free trade agreement which is yet to materialize between US and EU, started 12 years back. Issue here is the farm trade, as EU imposes high sanitary barriers to American beef exporters and banned hormone-fuelled beef and pork. In response, US banned EU beef on the ground of mad cow disease shake up a decade ago. Many tradinges on both the sides of Atlantic are looking forward for the success of this pact to reduce the tariff and to smooth the regulatory regimes (Chaffin and Politi 2013).2 (b). What negative effects might free international trade have upon countries economies, and why countries adopt protectionist policies?Countries exhibit protectionist measures though there are advantages in the international free trade. The arguments behind restriction of trade are as follow to protect babe industries, to reduce dependency on goods with little potential, to protect industry of national interest, to prevent dumping of imp orted goods, international cartels, to eliminate monopolize of foreign products, to avoid global fluctuations , to prevent harmful imports , to safeguard milieu (Sloman 2007 , Begg and Ward 2009). As part of trade protection, countries raise barriers by imposing tariff, quotas, subsidies and embargoes to name a few .The brief descriptions of all the above mentioned arguments against international trade are explained in the following paragraphs with suitable examples.Infant-industry argument If a country feels for any particular product it produces has potential competitive advantage but its still at the initial stage of development, it tries to protect that by trade barriers. Protection from foreign competition will help these companies to grow and to become efficient (Salvatore 2004). An example to support this argument would be, gold coast which has immense natural wealth but suffers from poverty and unemployment due to influence of international policies and lack of protection for its infant industries. It was highlighted that lot of developed countries earlier had higher tariffs to protect their infant industries which made them grow stronger (Spy Ghana 2013).Reduce dependency of material with less dynamic potential Developing countries generally export raw materials and food stuff which are primaries and experience inelastic price changes. It leads to slow growth and it doesnt drive growth as promised by international trading. Outcome of this would be they are handicapped from exploiting the advantage of manufacturing the product out of those raw materials and exporting it which has higher price elastic demand (Sloman 2007). European countries try to deprive Nigeria to develop value addition sector of Cocoa by imposing high import taxes on products of cocoa whereas raw cocoa are encouraged at zero import duties (This Day Live 2013).Protecting industries of national interests A country might support one particular industry as it feels that to be very imp ortant for its economy and it doesnt want to be dependent on any other country for the same at the later stages. Government patronages those industries by providing incentives and make them efficient (Begg and Ward 2009). Example Japan patronages its agriculture industries from trading though it was pressurized by America to drop off the tariff on its agricultural products as part of Trans-Pacific-Partnership (TPP) agreement which Japan about to sign. Currently Japan imposes 800% tariff on imported rice and the agriculture industry receives the state patronage of 1.1 % of GDP (Harner 2011).Dumping of Goods Dumping is the export of commodities at very low cost compared to its cost domestically. It results in driving out the foreign producers out of business abroad and establishes monopoly power. There are two types of dumping and they are offensive dumping in which prices are lowered in abroad for a temporary period until it drives out the competitors and achieves monopoly. The othe r type is called Sporadic dumping in which sale is occasional to unload the unforeseen or temporary waste. Normally countries counter-attack this practice by imposing antidumping duties to offset the price difference (Salvatore 2004). Recently, Vietnam imposed antidumping province of 14.38 % on one of the Malaysian cold-rolled stainless steel coils exporter following the POSCO VSTs claim of reducing their domestic business (FMT 2014).International Cartels They are the group of suppliers of a product who are located in different countries and agreed to restrict output and export of commodities in order to increase their total profits. Practicing these cartels is illegal domestically in most of the countries (Salvatore 2004). Recently 21 Japanese auto suppliers caught in a price-fixing and bid-rigging scandal as they conspired to fix prices of instrument panel clusters sold to US from April 2008 to February 2010. These companies involved in this scandal were charged with ransom of $4.56 million to consumers and executives of those firms were sentenced to prison ranging from 14 to 19 months (Shepardson 2014).Monopoly of imported goods Tough competition by imported goods drives domestic players out of the market and gives monopoly. This results in increase in prices resulted due to misallocation of resources. Governments try to protect country from such occurrences by adoption of strategic trade policy by which it provides comparative advantage through trade protection, subsidies and government-industry programs in the high technology fields or industries that are crucial for future success. Classical example for the strategic trade policy would be, Japans semi-conductor breakthrough in mid-1980s which was earlier dominated by US in the 1970s. Japans ministry of trade and industry targeted this industry, financed in research and development and fostered government-company cooperation to protect it from foreign completion (Salvatore 2004).In-line with the above arguments on protectionism, tariff, quotas and subsidies are methods for government to collect revenues, protect jobs in the domestic market and to increase production. Of the three methods, tariff is the most important type of trade restriction. Its generally expressed as fixed fate of value of the traded commodities and called as ad valorem tariff. Find below graph that details the impact of tariff on imported goods and producer, consumer surpluses.Graph 2Source Economicsonline n.dTable2Without any trading, price and quantity of a product were P and Q. If country opens up its market, the global price of the product will be at P1 which is lower than the counterpoise and the output increases from Q to Q2. This increases the consumer surplus and decreases the domestic supplier surplus. Government imposition of tariff lifts the world cut curve to shift upwards at a tonic price of P2. The import falls between Q3 to Q4 and domestic supply increases from Q1 to Q4. This condition res ults in fall of consumer surplus and increase in domestic supplier surplus and makes consumers to pay higher price which benefits both the supplier and the government by increased producer surplus and tariff revenue respectively. (Economicsonline n.d)Quotas Its the non-tariff based barrier which restricts the imports quantitatively. Its mainly used to protect agriculture and to stimulate import substitution of manufactured products. An example for quota is , China allows 894,000 tons of cotton imports with a job of 1% and currently it has increased its sliding scale tariff from 14,000 yuan to 15,000 yuan per ton to clear its fiber stockpiled in domestic reserves (Economic clock 2013).Subsidies It is the benefit given by the government to particular industry in the form of cash or tax reduction to make production cheaper for the domestic industry. To fund subsidy for an industry, government spreads taxation across the tax payers.Graph 3Source Begg and Ward 2009Table 3Introduction o f subsidy pushes the supply curve to the right from UKS1 to UKs2. The price to the consumers remains the same but the import falls from QD to QD1 where the domestic supply increase from QS to QS1. (Begg and Ward 2009)Thus, negative effects of free trade have been discussed with a highlight of different trade barriers that countries impose to save domestic industries from import.ReferencesBBC (2011).World trade talks end in collapse. online Available at http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7531099.stm Accessed 7/1/14.Begg, D. Ward, D. (2009).Economics for business. 3rd edition. London McGraw-Hill.Burton, J. (2011). Japan agrees bilateral trade pact with ASEAN.Financial Times.22 November 2006. Online via Proquest Available at http//search.proquest.com/docview/250051960?accountid=17193 Accessed 6/1/14Chaffin, J. Politi, J. (2013). Cuts both ways. 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